Business in USA before Wal-Mart Opened Assignment

Business in USA before Wal-Mart Opened - Assignment Example Although the major stores had different items for customers to choose from earlier on, Wal-Mart took this a step further. This can be clearly seen in today’s world where people prefer to shop in supermarkets. This is important since it allows customers to compare substitute goods in relation to price and quality hence settling for the most satisfying. Wal-Mart has a wide range of goods ranging from simple everyday necessities to seemingly luxurious items such as expensive watches. As such, the strategy of having a wide variety welcomes all people whether rich or middle class. The retail industry has hence changed business strategies such that most successful businesses provide a wide range of products. Furthermore, Wal-Mart’s culture of weekly meetings has provided players within and outside the industry a new business strategy especially in relation to management. Although, the culture of the weekly Saturday meetings may not be still in play, Wal-Mart certainly brought in an effective business strategy. This culture instilled an entrepreneurial spirit and allowed people to view decentralized management as a possible strategy. Earlier on organizational management was mainly centralized mostly with only one annual employee meeting. Additionally, the culture united workers making Wal-Mart and other firms that adopted the technique solid due to employee loyalty and retention. As such, Wal-Mart made an important contribution not only to the retail industry but also across all other industries.

Patient safety in the operating room Term Paper - 1

Patient safety in the operating room - Term Paper Example ip, culture and behavior---rather than the science that proves to be the weak link in the chain of health-care delivery and patient safety.† In fact, patient’s safety in the operating room has a direct impact on nursing. Therefore, the procedure and methodologies used to ensure ultimate objective of patient safety are required to be studied for effects on nursing behavior and practices. Throughout the history of healthcare and especially in the recent decades the operating room nursing practices are primarily influenced by the patient safety. Operating Room (OR) nursing is gauged by the preventive measures and safe handling of the patient. The Operating room safe handling is closely monitored, and a mere negligence can bring the devastating results. Under these circumstances pressures and stress are the natural outcome in OR nursing practices.   â€Å"Focusing on the structure, processing and outcomes of care, a behavioral health patient safety program continually emphasizes changing the system to make treatment safer for consumers through evolution of the evidence.† (Fowler & Susan, n. page). This focus and monitoring at all levels demand an extra bit of vigilance and strict compliance with laid down procedures and standing orders to ensure patient safety. However, it reduces the margin of decisions, which is a major instrument for safety management in op erating rooms. Drawing on the importance and sensitivity of decision in operating rooms Pikaar, Ernst &, Paul (239) states, â€Å"The surgical domain is a fragile and a complex web of experts with constant decision making and uncertainties linked to patient safety. Any unwanted technological interference in key treatment strategies or surgical tasks can lead to fatalities.† The complexities of decision-making are not limited to technological domains, the psychological pressures and overriding stress can be equally distressing for nursing staff. The Patient Safety precautions can also affect the operating

FePt Nanoparticle Films Under in-situ Applied Magnetic Field

FePt Nanoparticle Films Under in-situ Applied Magnetic Field Synthesis and characteristics of FePt nanoparticle films under in-situ applied magnetic field Mo-Yun Gao, Xu Qian, Ai-Dong Li*, Xiao-Jie Liu, Yan-Qiang Cao, Chen Li, Di Wu Abstract FePt nanoparticle with L10-phase has extremely high magnetocrystalline anisotropy, good chemical stability, and resistance to oxidation, and has been considered as the most promising candidate for untra-high-density magnetic recording media. In this work, in-situ magnetic field was applied during the synthesis of FePt nanoparticles via a chemical solution method. FePt nanoparticle films were prepared by a dropping method. The effect of in-situ applied magnetic field on the structure, morphology and magnetic properties of FePt nanoparticle films was characterized. Under magnetic field as-synthesized FePt nanoparticles are monodispersed and can be self-assembled over larger area by a dropping method. The chemically ordered L10-phase FePt can be obtained after annealing at 700  °C for 60 min in forming gas (7% H2+93% Ar). It is revealed that applied magnetic field during the synthesis of FePt nanoparticles not only significantly improves the nanoparticles’ c-axis preferred orientation with the larger perpendicular c-axis preferred orientation degree D(001) of 3.47, but also benefits the phase transition of FePt nanoparticles from fcc to fct structure during the annealing process. The FePt nanoparticle films synthes ized under magnetic field also shows some magnetic anisotropy. Keywords: L10-phase FePt; Chemical solution synthesis; Applied magnetic field; C-axis oriented; Magnetic anisotropy 1. Introduction With the rapid development of magnetic recording technique, the superparamagnetic effect becomes the bottleneck to further increase magnetic storage density. The ferromagnetic L10 FePt assemblies with face-centered tetragonal (fct) structure has extremely high magnetocrystalline anisotropy, good chemical stability, and resistance to oxidation [1-3], considered as the most promising candidate for ultra-high-density magnetic recording media. Chemical solution method has become an attractive route to obtain FePt nanoparticles (NPs) with the controllable size, well-defined shape, and ordered monolayer assemblies since Sun et al. made great success in preparing monodisperse FePt NPs [4]. Based on this, a lot of studies have been conducted to explore and optimize the synthesis of FePt NPs, such as modifying fabrication methods [5-13], optimizing assembly methods [7,14-21] and fabricating FePt one-dimensional nanorods /nanowires [22-28] and so on. As-prepared fcc-FePt NPs need to be transformed to ferromagnetic fct-FePt, high temperature annealing will produce severe grain growth and particle aggregation, leading to the decrease of the particle positional order [29]. Great efforts have been made to suppress the unfavorable phenomenon upon annealing and worked. For example, element such as Ag [30], Au [31], and Sb [32] with low surface energy is doped into FePt NPs to abstain from the influence of annealing by decreasing the phase transition temperature of FePt. However, one defect is that the phase transition temperature is too high to avoid particle aggregation, another is that the morphology of FePt nanoparticle will become uncontrolled and self-assembled array over large area are destroyed after Sb doping. In addition, the core-shell structure of inorganic substance such as ZnO [33,34], MnO [35], NiO [36] and SiO2 [37] covering on FePt NPs solves the problem of sintering and aggregation of NPs. However, as the thickness and morphology of core-shell structure is uncontrolled and there exists strong magnetic dipole interaction between FePt magnetic NPs, making it difficult for self-assembled of NPs and orderly array over large area fail to form. Recently it reported that nonmagnetic films like Al2O3 deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) upon FePt NPs self-assembly array can improve the stability of FePt NPs under high temperature, preventing NPs from sintering and aggregation [38]. Other work like dispersing FePt NPs into the TiO2 substrate by sol-gel is a good way to protect FePt NPs during annealing [39], but element Fe of FePt will be lost in acidic TiO2 sol. In this work, we reported that in-situ magnetic field was applied during the synthesis process of FePt NPs and the dip coating process to form FePt NPs films. The FePt NPs were prepared via chemical reduction of Pt(acac)2 and thermal decomposition of Fe(CO)5 under different magnetic conditions in the presence of oleic acid (OA) and oleylamine (OAm) at 220à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. The prepared FePt NPs films were than annealed at 700 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ for 60 min in forming gas (7% H2 + 93% Ar) to form the L10 phase of FePt. It is revealed that applied magnetic field not only significantly improves the c-axis preferred orientation, but also benefits the phase transition of FePt NPs from fcc to fct structure. The FePt NPs thin film synthesized under magnetic field also shows some magnetic anisotropy. Under magnetic field as-synthesized FePt NPs are monodispersed and can be self-assembled over larger area by a dropping method. 2. Experimental 2.1 Synthesis of FePt NPs FePt nanoparticles were synthesized through a standard polyol process with a modified synthetic condition using standard airless procedures under a gentle flow of pure nitrogen (N2) [12,39]. Typically, the FePt nanoparticles were prepared via chemical reduction of Pt(acac)2 and thermal decomposition of Fe(CO)5 under different magnetic conditions in the presence of oleic acid (OA) and oleylamine (OAm) at 220à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. In a typical procedure, 0.125 mmol of Pt(acac)2 was mixed with 20 mL of phenyl ether under the gentle nitrogen gas flow. The mixture was heated to 50 °C, and stir until the platinum source dissolved completely in the solvent. After that the mixed solution was heated to 150 °C and 40 ÃŽ ¼L of oleic acid (OA),42.5 ÃŽ ¼L of oleylamine (OAm), and 80 ÃŽ ¼L of Fe(CO)5 were added step by step under different magnetic conditions with continuous stream of nitrogen. After that, the solution was heated up to 220  °C at the rate of 10  °C per minute., and refluxed for 30 min under the nitrogen protection. After the prepared black solution cooling down to the room temperature naturally, 50 ÃŽ ¼L of oleic acid (OA), 50 ÃŽ ¼L of oleylamine (OAm) and absolute ethanol were added into the mixture to a total volume of 80 mL. The black products were then precipitated by centrifugation (8000 r/min for 10 min) and the solution supernatant was discarded. The precipitate was then dissolved in 10 mL of hexane and precipitated again in 40 mL of absolute ethanol by centrifugation. The black FePt NPs were synthesized by repeating the separation process for 2~3 times. The magnetic NPs were dispersed in 6 mL of octane and stored in brown glass bottle under the nitrogen conditions. 2.2 Preparation of FePt NPs films Assembled FePt NPs on the HF-treated n-Si (100) substrates (1.0Ãâ€"1.0 cm2) were prepared by droping a drop of 2 mg/mL FePt solution (FePt NPs dispersed in octane) including a small amount of OA and OAm. As the organic solvent on the surface of FePt NPs was dried under the protection of N2 at room temperature, the FePt NPs were then heated to 120  °C and maintained for 2h in the baking oven to remove the organic solvent completely. In-situ magnetic field was applied in a patr of the samples during the dip coating process to form FePt NP films and another part were in nonmagnetic field for comparison. Three kinds of samples with different external magnetic field applied during the synthesis process and the dip coating process were listed in Table 1. The prepared FePt NP films were than annealed at 700 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ for 60 min in forming gas (7% H2 + 93% Ar) with a rising speed of 5  °C/min to form ordered fct-FePt before characterization. 2.3 Characterization The structure and crystalline phase were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD, D/max 2000, Rigaku) using Cu KÃŽ ± radiation (ÃŽ » = 1.5406 Ã…) operated at 40 kV and 40 mA. The morphology and microstructure of various samples were characterized using a transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Tecnai G2 F20 S-twin, FEI) operating at 200 kV. The compositions of all samples were analysed by the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) attached to a field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, Zeiss). Magnetic properties of the fct-FePt were measured by a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID, MPMS XL-7, Qauntum Design) with a maximum field of 35 kOe. 3. Results and discussion Figure 1 (a) and (b) show the XRD patterns of unannealed and annealed FePt NPs films under different magnetic conditions. In Fig. 1 (a), the emergence of two broad peak at 40.3 o and 46.9 o of all samples which represent the Bragg peaks (111) and (200) illustrate the fcc-FePt NPs of average grain size of 4.1 nm calculated by Scherrer equation were obtained. It is obvious that in sample 2# and 3#, the peak (200) are stronger and closer to the highest peak (111) where diffraction is most likely to occur compared with sample 1# without magnetic field applied, indicating that in-situ magnetic field applied during the synthesis process exhibit the trend for FePt NPs to align perpendicular to the (100) crystal plane. While magnetic field applied during dip coating process make no obvious effect before anneal via comparing sample 2# with 3#. High temperature annealing make the phase transform from fcc to fct as indicated by the emergence of the Bragg peaks of (001), (110), (002) and (201) a s shown in Fig. 1 (b). The Bragg peak (001) and (002) are much stronger with the magnetic field applied during the synthesis process among which the intensity of peak (001) has been ahead of main peak (111) and peak (002) split from peak (200) are higher than peak (200) apparently. It means that the fct-FePt NPs films with the magnetic field applied during the synthesis process after high temperature annealing exhibit c-axis preferred orientation that is fct-FePt NPs align along the c-axis perpendicular to the surface of films which is the easy axis of magnetization [40]. Magnetic field applied during both during the synthesis process and the dip coating process has slightly improve c-axis preferred orientation, inferior to sample 2#. We define the degree of c-axis preferred orientation D(001) of fct-FePt in direction [001] as follows [41]: D(001)= (I(001)/I(111))measure/(I(001)/I(111))standard where (I(001)/I(111))standard=0.3 is got in diffraction patterns of fct-FePt powder with random orientation, while (I(001)/I(111))measure can be calculated from the XRD patterns of annealed sample 1#, 2# and 3#. Degree of the chemical ordering parameter S was introduced to illustrate the degree of order of FePt NPs films quantificationally. It is defined as follows[42,43]: S2=[1-(c/a)measure]/[1-(c/a)standard] where c and a are the lattice constants for the fct-FePt, evaluated from the (001) and (110) Bragg peaks of the XRD patterns and the axial ratio (c/a)measure for the partially ordered phase can be calculated then. For the fully ordered-phase FePt, (c/a)complete = 0.9657. Some data of samples under different magnetic conditions are listed in Table 2, including unannealedI(200)/I(111), annealed I(001)/I(111), degree of the chemical ordering parameter S and degree of c-axis preferred orientation D(001). It is easily seen from Table 2 that samples 2# and 3# with external magnetic field applied have a certain degree of [200] preferred orientation before anneal, making [001] preferred orientation more obvious after anneal. Comparing the degree of the chemical ordering parameter S of all samples, we can see that applied magnetic field during the synthesis of FePt nanoparticles not only significantly improves the NPs’ c-axis preferred orientation with the larger perpendicular c-axis preferred orientation degree D(001) of 3.47, but also benefits the phase transition of FePt NPs from fcc to fct structure during the annealing process. The reason for obvious c-axis preferred orientation may attribute to the anisotropy induced by external magnetic field during the nucleation of FePt for that applied magnetic field changed the barrier of nucleation in different orientation ,making the ratio I(200)/I(111) bigger in superparamagnetic particles and a-axis orientation enhanced, which is mor e likely to be transformed to c-axis orientation during the process of films formation and high temperature annealing. 4. Conclusion Acknowledge This project is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51202107), a grant from the State Key Program for Basic Research of China (Grant No. 2011CB922104), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities. Ai-Dong Li also thanks the support of Priority Academic Program Development in the Jiangsu Province and the Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 20120091110049). References [1] S. H. Sun, Adv. Mater. 18 (2006) 393. [2] H. Zeng, J. Li, J. P. Liu, Z. L. Wang, and S. H. Sun, Nature. 420 (2002) 395. [3] D. Weller, A. Moser, L. Folks, M. E. Bet, W. Lee, M. Toney, M. Schwieckert, J. U. Thieleand, and M. F. Doerner, IEEE Trans. Magn. 36 (2000) 10. [4] S. H. Sun, C. B. Murray, D. Weller, L. Folks, A. Moser, Science 287 (2000) 1989. [5] B. Jeyadevan, K. Urakawa, A. Hobo, N. Chinnasamy, K. Shinoda, K. Tohji, D. D. J. Djayaprawira, M. Tsunoda, M. Takahashi, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 2 42 (2003) L350. [6] M. 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What Is Changing In The Technology Of Heavy Construction Mac :: essays research papers

SUBJECT: What is changing in the technology of heavy construction machinery?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In being one of the leaders in the construction industry, it is our duty to keep up with and push ourselves in acquiring upcoming technology. As per your request on the topic, we have created a team to not only acknowledge some of the possibilities we may be faced with in the future, but to assess the causes and effects of the technology advancement. As one of the nation’s top contractors, we know first hand the importance that quality equipment plays in the completion of projects and percentage of profits retained from those projects. One vital piece of machinery that is not functioning properly can effortlessly place a job behind schedule and behind budget. And so it is easy to understand how any possible progression of equipment science could be of great importance to the company. In this report, we want to focus on two links stemming from the subject of construction equipment technology. The first point being, theoretical causes for technology advancement and the second point being, conceptual ideas currently in the works. In our research, we found that concrete findings were rare and few between, being that much of this subject is speculation or â€Å"napkin† design ideas. However; with all that our society is accomplishing and inventing everyday, it is easy to visualize the possibilities that we may be looking forward to in the coming years. Causes: Some theoretical explanations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is no exact, scientific reason for which manufactures are looking to the future of construction machinery and seeing the equipment being run by computers, not operators. But there are some theoretical reasons why. To begin with, there is currently a shortage of skilled operators being felt by many companies; including ours. Along with this shortage of skilled operators, follows a shortage of skilled repair technicians to fix any malfunctioned machinery. The reason for this is that the present skilled labor coming into our work force is more educated . Therefore; they are more technical in most respects, and less interested in operated machinery then in controlling it. One reasons for this effect is thought to be due in part to the reality that kids in recent decades were not brought up playing with their toy trucks in the dirt outside, but with computer and video games. Each new generation is raised with a greater knowledge and understanding of technology, what its possibilities are and what it can do for them.

Google’s Country Experience Case Study Essay

The well-known online search engine Google still being used in mainland of China, even they shut down the â€Å"Google China† service. Chinese sometime prefer to use â€Å"Google Hong Kong† instead. The reason of that is Google provides results of search more reliable and efficiency. However, Google still quitted the market of China. The work progress of search engine is more complicate than just search the key-words. The key-words could be link to every websites that used the word, sometime it just have nothing to do with the main point. According to Curt Franklin, the search engine’s works basically performs three tasks: (http://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet/basics/search-engine.htm) ï‚ §Search the Internet, or select pieces of the internet based on important words. ï‚ §Keep an index of the words they found, and where they found them. ï‚ §Allow user to look for words or combinations of words found in that index. In that index, they don’t only sort the websites by key words, but also by contents. So each time we search something by words, in order to get what exactly we need, the system would find out more results that link to these words in the index. That’s how that’s how sometime we got results helpful but have no same key words with what we typed in. Search engines always provide free search experience for users; they make money from other websites. For websites, of no one check on at all, that won’t be necessary to exist. Search engines are just a good way to bring those websites in front of people’s eyes. According to Grant Crowell, there are a lot ways to make money for a search engine website. They can all sort into 3 aspects: (http://searchenginewatch.com/article/2066421/How-Search-Engines-Make-Money) ï‚ §Provide unique search technologies, a search engine has to consider what differentiates its search product from others. And they can sell the technologies to others. ï‚ §Commercial search results, which means those websites they can pay to the search engine for raise their websites’ shown on the result list. ï‚ §Advertising, provide advertise link which about what users search out of the search results. One step further, search engines could build some partnerships with a diversity of vendors, partners,products, and sales channels. However, as the internet getting bigger, Google grew bigger. Today’s Google is not just a search engines. We could find news, music, movies channels on it. Google system on cellphone is still in competition with Apple’s IOS IPhone system. Lately, with internet going everywhere in our life, Google’s own laptop system has become more popular. Which has no hard drive, everything saves on Google cloud. Obviously, the ways Google make money are more than we can imagine. The search engines have high exportability in every country as long as they use internet there. It like a transportation industry, no matter what people do, they need transportation to move their goods. Search engines are just â€Å"transportations† which bring the websites with information that user need to them. It’s good to bring the technology into a new area; it may improve internet users’ experience. The business model for Google or others search engines basically is selling advertises on search results. But these advertises are going to be useful based on what users searched. There are users looking for information, and also organizations which trying to giving information. The search engines give user search result and there advertisings about what they need to them, and get paid from these organization who post those advertising.

Effects of CClF3 on Ozone

CC13F to enter the stratosphere (1930 to 1955). 2. The ozone layer above Canada began to decline in 1975. 3. Once the production of CC13F was drastically reduced, it took 20 years for the CC13F levels to decrease in the stratosphere. Conclude and Communicate 4. CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) are inorganic man-made chemicals that have been in production for more than 50 years in Canada.They were thought to be sensational substances due to their stability, nonflammable characteristic, low in toxicity, and inexpensive. However, research on CFCs showed that they have long life spans allowing them to resist being washed away in rain. Through the aid of wind, CFCs rise up into the stratosphere and into the ozone layer where they decompose into chlorine and bromine, from the ultraviolet radiation. These two chemicals are responsible for damaging the ozone layer.Some atmospheric chlorine are caused by natural occurrences such as large fires and volcanic eruptions, yet most chlorine in the ozone layer is due to CFCs from man-made products such as refrigerators, aerosols, solvents and other household items. Studies show that for every one hlorine atom that is released into the ozone layer, 100000 ozone molecules are destroyed. According to the statistics recorded in 1979, the ozone layer has decreased every single decade nearly 4% to 6% in mid-latitudes and 10% to 12% in higher southern latitudes.This constant decrease has left the ozone layer permanently damaged. Even though production of CFCs has drastically decreased over the past couple of years, the ozone layer is unable replace itself. Research on how Earth is affected by the depletion in the ozone layer 5. CFCs are so stable that the only way to break them is by exposure to strong UV radiation. When this occurs, the CFC molecule releases chlorine that can destroy 100000 ozone molecules.